Dynamic Visual Acuity, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex, and Visual Field in National Football League (NFL) Officiating: Physiology and Visualization Engineering for 3D Virtual On-Field Training

Author:

Ong Joshua1ORCID,Carrabba Nicole V.2,Waisberg Ethan34,Zaman Nasif5ORCID,Memon Hamza6,Panzo Nicholas6,Lee Virginia A.7ORCID,Sarker Prithul5,Vogt Ashtyn Z.8ORCID,Laylani Noor9,Tavakkoli Alireza5ORCID,Lee Andrew G.69101112131415ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA

2. McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA

3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK

4. Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK

5. Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA

6. Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA

7. Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

8. Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA

9. Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA

10. The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA

11. Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA

12. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA

13. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA

14. Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

15. Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Abstract

The ability to make on-field, split-second decisions is critical for National Football League (NFL) game officials. Multiple principles in visual function are critical for accuracy and precision of these play calls, including foveation time and unobstructed line of sight, static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and sufficient visual field. Prior research has shown that a standardized curriculum in these neuro-ophthalmic principles have demonstrated validity and self-rated improvements in understanding, confidence, and likelihood of future utilization by NFL game officials to maximize visual performance during officiating. Virtual reality technology may also be able to help optimize understandings of specific neuro-ophthalmic principles and simulate real-life gameplay. Personal communication between authors and NFL officials and leadership have indicated that there is high interest in 3D virtual on-field training for NFL officiating. In this manuscript, we review the current and past research in this space regarding a neuro-ophthalmic curriculum for NFL officials. We then provide an overview our current visualization engineering process in taking real-life NFL gameplay 2D data and creating 3D environments for virtual reality gameplay training for football officials to practice plays that highlight neuro-ophthalmic principles. We then review in-depth the physiology behind these principles and discuss strategies to implement these principles into virtual reality for football officiating.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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