Hopf Bifurcation in a Predator–Prey Model with Memory Effect in Predator and Anti-Predator Behaviour in Prey

Abstract

In this paper, a diffusive predator–prey model with a memory effect in predator and anti-predator behaviour in prey is studied. The stability of the coexisting equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are analysed by analysing the distribution of characteristic roots. The property of Hopf bifurcation is investigated by the theory of the centre manifold and normal form method. Through the numerical simulations, it is observed that the anti-predator behaviour parameter η, the memory-based diffusion coefficient parameter d, and memory delay τ can affect the stability of the coexisting equilibrium under some parameters and cause the spatially inhomogeneous oscillation of prey and predator’s densities.