Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Helicoverpa zea Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of Resistance

Author:

Dively Galen P.1,Kuhar Tom P.2ORCID,Taylor Sally V.3,Doughty Helene4,Holmstrom Kristian5ORCID,Gilrein Daniel O.6,Nault Brian A.7,Ingerson-Mahar Joseph8,Huseth Anders9ORCID,Reisig Dominic10ORCID,Fleischer Shelby11,Owens David12,Tilmon Kelley13,Reay-Jones Francis14,Porter Pat15,Smith Jocelyn16,Saguez Julien17ORCID,Wells Jason18,Congdon Caitlin19,Byker Holly20,Jensen Bryan21,DiFonzo Chris22,Hutchison William D.23ORCID,Burkness Eric23,Wright Robert24ORCID,Crossley Michael25ORCID,Darby Heather26ORCID,Bilbo Tom27ORCID,Seiter Nicholas28ORCID,Krupke Christian29ORCID,Abel Craig30,Coates Brad S.30,McManus Bradley31,Fuller Billy31,Bradshaw Jeffrey32ORCID,Peterson Julie A.33ORCID,Buntin David34,Paula-Moraes Silvana35ORCID,Kesheimer Katelyn36,Crow Whitney37,Gore Jeffrey37,Huang Fangneng38ORCID,Ludwick Dalton C.39ORCID,Raudenbush Amy13ORCID,Jimenez Sebastian40,Carrière Yves41ORCID,Elkner Timothy42,Hamby Kelly1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

2. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA

3. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Suffolk, VA 23434, USA

4. Virginia Tech ESAREC/Entomology, Painter, VA 23420, USA

5. Pest Management Office, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

6. LIHREC, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY 11901, USA

7. Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA

8. Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA

9. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA

10. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Plymouth, NC 27962, USA

11. Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

12. Cooperative Extension, Carvel REC, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 19947, USA

13. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA

14. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29501, USA

15. Department of Entomology, AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA

16. Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

17. CEROM, 740 Chemin Trudeau, Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC J3G 0E2, Canada

18. New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Sussex, NB E4E 5L8, Canada

19. Perennia Food and Agriculture, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada

20. Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Winchester, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

21. Arlington Agricultural Research Station, University of Wisconsin, WI 53706, USA

22. Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

23. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA

24. Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588, USA

25. Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA

26. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA

27. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29414, USA

28. Illinois Extension, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA

29. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA

30. USDA-ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA

31. South Dakota State, Brookings, SD 57006, USA

32. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA

33. West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE 69101, USA

34. Griffin Campus, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA

35. UF/IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay, FL 32565, USA

36. Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

37. Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 39762, USA

38. Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

39. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, Corpus Christi, TX 78404, USA

40. PEI Department of Agriculture and Land, Charlotte, PE C1A 7N8, Canada

41. Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

42. Southeast Research and Extension Center, Landisville, PA 17538, USA

Abstract

Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020–2022. The study evaluated overall changes in the phenotypic frequency of resistance (the ratio of larval densities in Bt ears relative to densities in non-Bt ears) in H. zea populations and the range of resistance allele frequencies for Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa. The results revealed a widespread resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 Cry toxins, with higher numbers of larvae surviving in Bt ears than in non-Bt ears at many trial locations. Depending on assumptions about the inheritance of resistance, allele frequencies for Cry1Ab ranged from 0.465 (dominant resistance) to 0.995 (recessive resistance). Although Vip3Aa provided high control efficacy against H. zea, the results show a notable increase in ear damage and a number of surviving older larvae, particularly at southern locations. Assuming recessive resistance, the estimated resistance allele frequencies for Vip3Aa ranged from 0.115 in the Gulf states to 0.032 at more northern locations. These findings indicate that better resistance management practices are urgently needed to sustain efficacy the of corn and cotton that produce Vip3Aa.

Funder

Friends of Long Island Horticulture

Hatch Multistate Research Fund

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Crop Protection and Pest Management Program

Extension Implementation Program

Atlantic Grains Council

Canadian Agricultural Partnership Program

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Insect Science

Reference85 articles.

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4. Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers;Hutchison;Science,2010

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