Evaluating Atmospheric Correction Methods for Sentinel−2 in Low−to−High−Turbidity Chinese Coastal Waters

Abstract

Inaccuracies in the atmospheric correction (AC) of data on coastal waters significantly limit the ability to quantify the parameters of water quality. Many studies have compared the effects of the atmospheric correction of data provided by the Sentinel−2 satellites, but few have investigated this issue for coastal waters in China owing to a limited amount of in situ spectral data. The authors of this study compared four processors for the atmospheric correction of data provided by Sentinel−2—the Atmospheric Correction for OLI ‘lite’(ACOLITE), Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Data Analysis System (SeaDAS), Polynomial-based algorithm applied to MERIS (POLYMER), and Case 2 Regional Coast Colour (C2RCC)—to identify the most suitable one for water bodies with different turbidities along the coast of China. We tested the algorithms used in these processors for turbid waters and compared the resulting inversion of the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) using in situ reflectance data from three stations with varying levels of coastal turbidity (HTYZ, DONG’OU, and MUPING). All processors significantly underestimated the results on data from the HTYZ station, which is located along waters with high turbidity, with the SeaDAS delivering the best performance, with an average band RMSE of 0.0146 and an average MAPE of 29.80%. It was followed by ACOLITE, with an average band RMSE of 0.0213 and an average MAPE of 43.43%. The performance of two AC algorithms used in ACOLITE, dark spectrum fitting (DSF) and exponential extrapolation (EXP), was also evaluated by comparing their results with in situ measurements at the HTYZ site. The ACOLITE-EXP algorithm delivered a slight improvement in results for the blue band compared with the DSF algorithm in highly turbid water, but led to no significant improvement in the green and red bands. C2RCC delivered the best performance on data from the DONG’OU station, which is located along water with medium turbidity, and from the MUPING station (water with low turbidity), with values of the MAPE of 18.58% and 28.41%, respectively.