Study of the Metabolite Changes in Ganoderma lucidum under Pineapple Leaf Residue Stress via LC-MS/MS Coupled with a Non-Targeted Metabolomics Approach

Abstract

The effects of fermentation metabolites of G. lucidum under different pineapple leaf residue additions were separated and identified using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The mass spectra showed that the metabolites had good response values only in the positive ion mode, and 3019 metabolites with significant differences, mainly distributed in 95 metabolic pathways, were identified. The multivariate analyses, including the principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and volcano plots (VP), revealed that the G. lucidum metabolites exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) and were well clustered under various pineapple leaf residue additions, featuring 494–545 upregulated and 998–1043 downregulated metabolites. The differential metabolic pathway analysis proved that two metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acids and ABC transporters were particularly significant under the addition of pineapple leaf residue, where amino acids such as histidine and lysine were upregulated in contrast to downregulated tyrosine, valine, L-alanine, and L-asparagine. These study results are considered instrumental in substantiating the application of pineapple leaf residue in the cultivation of G. lucidum and improving its utilization rate and added value.