A Sustainable, Green-Processed, Ag-Nanoparticle-Incorporated Eggshell-Derived Biomaterial for Wound-Healing Applications

Author:

Mensah Rosemond A.1ORCID,Trotta Federico2ORCID,Briggs Emily13,Sharifulden Nik San1,Silva Lady V. Barrios1ORCID,Keskin-Erdogan Zalike14ORCID,Diop Seyta1,Kureshi Alvena K.5,Chau David Y. S.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK

2. Metalchemy Limited, 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK

3. Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Rumford Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

4. Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2BX, UK

5. Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, Foley Street, London W1W 7TY, UK

Abstract

The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial with unique physical and mechanical properties that make it a promising candidate for wound-healing applications. However, the ESM’s inherent properties can be enhanced through incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have been shown to have antimicrobial properties. In this study, commercially produced AgNPs and green-processed AgNPs were incorporated into ESM and evaluated for their physical, biological, and antimicrobial properties for potential dermal application. The ESM was extracted using various techniques, and then treated with either commercially produced AgNPs (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) or green-synthesized AgNPs (Metalchemy, London, UK) to produce AgNPs-ESM samples. The physical characteristics of the samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the biological properties were assessed through in vitro studies using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and BJ cells. The SEM analysis of the AgNPs-ESM samples showed localization of AgNPs on the ESM surface, and that the ESM maintained its structural integrity following AgNP incorporation. The FTIR confirmed loading of AgNPs to ESM samples. The biological studies showed that the 5 μg/mL AgNPs-ESM samples were highly biocompatible with both HDFs and BJ cells, and had good viability and proliferation rates. Additionally, the AgNPs-ESM samples demonstrated pro-angiogenic properties in the CAM assay, indicating their potential for promoting new blood vessel growth. Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the enhanced AgNPs/ESMs was validated using the International Standard ISO 16869:2008 methodology and exploited Cladosporium, which is one of the most commonly identified fungi in wounds, as the test microorganism (≥5 × 106 cells/mL). The AgNPs-ESM samples displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy as evidenced by the measured zone of inhibition. Notably, the green-synthesized AgNPs demonstrated greater zones of inhibition (~17 times larger) compared to commercially available AgNPs (Sigma-Aldrich). Although both types of AgNP exhibited long-term stability, the Metalchemy-modified samples demonstrated a slightly stronger inhibitory effect. Overall, the AgNPs-ESM samples developed in this study exhibited desirable physical, biological, and antimicrobial properties for potential dermal wound-dressing applications. The use of green-processed AgNPs in the fabrication of the AgNPs-ESM samples highlights the potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly wound-healing therapies. Further research is required to assess the long-term biocompatibility and effectiveness of these biomaterials in vivo.

Funder

Rosetrees Trust

The Stoneygate Trust

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Biomedical Engineering,Biomaterials

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