Structural Degradation of O3-NaMnO2 Positive Electrodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

In this manuscript, we report an extensive study of the physico-chemical properties of different samples of O3-NaMnO2, synthesized by sol–gel and solid state methods. In order to successfully synthesize the materials by sol–gel methods a rigorous control of the synthesis condition has been optimized. The electrochemical performances of the materials as positive electrodes in aprotic sodium-ion batteries have been demonstrated. The effects of different synthesis methods on both structural and electrochemical features of O3-NaMnO2 have been studied to shed light on the interplay between structure and performance. Noticeably, we obtained a material capable of attaining a reversible capacity exceeding 180 mAhg−1 at 10 mAg−1 with a capacity retention >70% after 20 cycles. The capacity fading mechanism and the structural evolution of O3-NaMnO2 upon cycling have been extensively studied by performing post-mortem analysis using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Apparently, the loss of reversible capacity upon cycling originates from irreversible structural degradations.