Proteomic Response of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Exposed to the Antifungal 4-Methoxynaphthalene-N-acylhydrazone Reveals Alteration in Metabolism

Abstract

Background: Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected mycosis with a high socioeconomic impact that requires long-term treatment with antifungals that have limitations in their use. The development of antifungals targeting essential proteins that are present exclusively in the fungus points to a potentially promising treatment. Methods: The inhibitor of the enzyme homoserine dehydrogenase drove the synthesis of N’-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methoxy-1-naphthohydrazide (AOS). This compound was evaluated for its antifungal activity in different species of Paracoccidioides and the consequent alteration in the proteomic profile of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Results: The compound showed a minimal inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.75 to 6.9 μM with a fungicidal effect on Paracoccidioides spp. and high selectivity index. AOS differentially regulated proteins related to glycolysis, TCA, the glyoxylate cycle, the urea cycle and amino acid metabolism, including homoserine dehydrogenase. In addition, P. brasiliensis inhibited protein synthesis and stimulated reactive oxygen species in the presence of AOS. Conclusions: AOS is a promising antifungal agent for the treatment of PCM, targeting important metabolic processes of the fungus.