Converting Candlenut Shell Waste into Graphene for Electrode Applications

Author:

Siburian Rikson123ORCID,Tarigan Kerista24,Manik Yosia Gopas Oetama12ORCID,Hutagalung Fajar4,Alias Yatimah56,Chan Yong Ching7,Chang Boon Peng7ORCID,Siow Jonathan7,Ong Amanda Jiamin7ORCID,Huang Jingfeng7ORCID,Paiman Suriati8ORCID,Goh Boon Tong9ORCID,Simatupang Lisnawaty10ORCID,Goei Ronn7ORCID,Tok Alfred Iing Yoong7ORCID,Yahya Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja11ORCID,Bahfie Fathan12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia

2. Carbon and Frankincense Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia

3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia

4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Jl. Kampus Unsrat Kleak, Manado 95115, Indonesia

5. Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

6. University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

7. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore

8. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia

9. Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

10. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan 20221, Indonesia

11. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia

12. Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia

Abstract

Graphene was synthesized through a two-step pyrolysis method using waste candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) shells as the precursor. Cerium (Ce)/graphene composites were prepared via an impregnation technique. The resulting graphene and Ce/graphene were characterized using various analytical methods, including Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). The bio-carbon produced predominantly exhibited a graphene structure with flat carbon morphology and an interlayer distance of 0.33 nm. This structural information is supported by XRD data, which shows a broad and weak peak at 2θ = 26° corresponding to the C (002) plane, indicative of graphene presence. FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of graphene through the detection of Csp2 aromatic bonds and the characteristic D, G, and 2D peaks. Notably, the performance of cerium can be enhanced by the incorporation of graphene, attributed to the large surface area and chemical interactions between Ce and graphene. Consequently, candlenut-derived graphene shows potential as a supportive material for modifying the properties of cerium, due to the current value of Ce/Graphene increase with presence of graphene, thereby opening avenues for various advanced applications, such as sustainable and high-performance energy storage systems.

Funder

University of Sumatera Utara and DAPT-LPDP

Publisher

MDPI AG

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