Detection and Classification of Citrus Fruit Infestation by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Using a Multi-Path Vis/NIR Spectroscopy System

Abstract

In this study, a multi-path Vis/NIR spectroscopy system was developed to detect the presence of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) infestations of citrus fruit. Spectra were acquired for 252 citrus fruit, 126 of which were infested. Two hundred and fifty-two spectra were acquired for modeling in their un-infested stage, slightly infested stage, and seriously infested stage. The location of the infestation is unclear, and considering the impact of the light path on the location of the infestation, each citrus fruit was tested in three orientations (i.e., fruit stalks facing upward (A), fruit stalks facing horizontally (B), and fruit stalks facing downward (C)). Classification models based on joint X-Y distance, multiple transmittance calibration, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (SPXY-MSC-CARS-PLS-DA) were developed on the spectra of each light path, and the average spectra of the four light paths was calculated, to compare their performance in infestation classification. The results show the classification result changed with the light path and fruit orientation. The average spectra for each fruit orientation consistently gave better classification results, with overall accuracies of 92.9%, 89.3%, and 90.5% for orientations A, B, and C, respectively. Moreover, the best model had a Kappa value of 0.89, and gave 95.2%, 80.1%, and 100.0% accuracy for un-infested, slightly infested, and seriously infested citrus fruit. Furthermore, the classification results for infested citrus fruits were better when using the average spectra than using the spectrum of each single light path. Therefore, the multi-path Vis/NIR spectroscopy system is conducive to the detection of B. dorsalis infestation in citrus fruits.