A Standard-Free Calibration Transfer Strategy for a Discrimination Model of Apple Origins Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

The nondestructive discrimination model based on near-infrared is usually established by detected spectra and chemometric methods. However, the inherent differences between instruments prevent the model from being used universally, and calibration transfer is often used to solve these problems. Standard-sample calibration transfer requires additional standard samples to build a mathematical mapping between instruments. Thus, standard-free calibration transfer is a research hotspot in this field. Based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the new combined strategy of wavelength selection and standard-free calibration transfer was proposed to transfer the model between two portable near-infrared spectrometers. Three transfer learning (TL) algorithms—transferred component analysis (TCA), balanced distribution adaptation (BDA), and manifold embedded distribution alignment (MEDA)—were applied to achieve standard-free calibration transfer. Moreover, this paper presents a relative error analysis (REA) method to select wavelength. To select the optimal model, the parameters of accuracy, precision, and recall were examined to evaluate the discriminatory capacities of each model. The findings show that the MEDA-REA model is capable of higher prediction accuracy (accuracy = 94.54%) than the other transferring models (TCA, BDA, MEDA, TCA-REA, and BDA-REA), and it is demonstrated that the new strategy has good transmission performance. Moreover, REA shows the potential to filter wavebands for calibration transfer and simplify the transferable model.