The Development of a Steering Angle Estimation Model for Evaluation of Simulated Ship Handling Training for Remote Operators of Autonomous Ships

Abstract

Through technological development, ships are being automated, reducing the number of human operators. Accordingly, the responsibility of humans becomes more significant, making a single operator’s proficiency count. Simulated ship-handling training evaluates trainees’ proficiency using specific criteria to verify proficiency. However, the present criteria are confined to training scenarios, and it is hard to determine whether trainees finally achieved expert-like ability. This research conducted probabilistic estimation on experts’ average steering angles. The paper contains the corresponding explanations for each step of the research methods, from the data preprocessing step to the probabilistic steering angle estimation. The research findings include the experts’ trendline of average steering angles and the sample trainee’s evaluation results.