Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Vaal Dam Catchment, South Africa: A Study Based on Remote Sensing and Time Series Analysis

Abstract

Understanding long-term land use/land cover (LULC) change patterns is vital to implementing policies for effective environmental management practices and sustainable land use. This study assessed patterns of change in LULC in the Vaal Dam Catchment area, one of the most critically important areas in South Africa, since it contributes a vast portion of water to the Vaal Dam Reservoir. The reservoir has been used to supply water to about 13 million inhabitants in Gauteng province and its surrounding areas. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery series were used to map LULC changes between 1986 and 2021. The LULC classification was performed by applying the random forest (RF) algorithm to the Landsat data. The change-detection analysis showed grassland being the dominant land cover type (ranging from 52% to 57% of the study area) during the entire period. The second most dominant land cover type was agricultural land, which included cleared fields, while cultivated land covered around 41% of the study area. Other land use types covering small portions of the study area included settlements, mining activities, water bodies and woody vegetation. Time series analysis showed patterns of increasing and decreasing changes for all land cover types, except in the settlement class, which showed continuous increase owing to population growth. From the study results, the settlement class increased considerably for 1986–1993, 1993–2000, 2000–2007, 2007–2014 and 2014–2021 by 712.64 ha (0.02%), 10245.94 ha (0.26%), 3736.62 ha (0.1%), 1872.09 ha (0.05%) and 3801.06 ha (0.1%), respectively. This study highlights the importance of using remote sensing techniques in detecting LULC changes in this vitally important catchment.