Essential Oil Volatiles as Sustainable Antagonists for the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica

Author:

Faria Jorge M. S.12ORCID,Rusinque Leidy134ORCID,Cavaco Tomás1ORCID,Nunes João C.1,Inácio Maria L.15ORCID

Affiliation:

1. INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal

2. MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal

3. Centre for Functional Ecology (CEF), Department of Life science, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal

4. Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal

5. GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal

Abstract

Climate change is prompting a shift of tropical pests to locations with a previously lower probability of invasion. This is the case for root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne sp., particularly of the tropical group. Among them, M. ethiopica is now considered a threat to European food security. The development of novel sustainable nematicides can be based on in vitro bioassays of highly active phytochemicals, e.g., volatiles from essential oils. However, a steady supply of nematodes is often very difficult and dependent on environmental conditions. In the present study, an in vitro co-culture system of M. ethiopica parasitizing hairy roots of Solanum lycopersicum was established, for the first time, to easily obtain populations of second-stage juveniles (J2). These were then used to screen the nematicidal activity of 10 volatile compounds characteristic of essential oils. Finally, information on the most successful compounds was reviewed to predict their environmental dispersion and ecotoxicological hazards. The M. ethiopica population obtained from the co-culture was morphologically similar to reported populations in natural conditions and could be accurately used in direct-contact bioassays. The aldehydes citral and citronellal induced complete mortality of the tested J2, at 1 mg/mL, while compounds from other chemical groups were not as successful. In comparison to commonly used commercial nematicides, citral and citronellal were less likely to accumulate in the water environmental compartment and have lower reported toxicities compared to aquatic organisms and to mammals. Overall, in vitro co-cultures showed the potential to expedite the screening and discovery of bioactive compounds as a contribution to the development of sustainable biopesticides, as well as to lower the impacts of modern farming on agroecosystems.

Funder

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

FCT and the European Social Funds

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Geography, Planning and Development,Building and Construction

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