Accuracy Analysis of Measuring X-Y-Z Coordinates with Regard to the Investigation of the Tombolo Effect

Abstract

Tombolo is a narrow belt connecting the mainland with an island lying near the shore. It is formed as a result of sand and gravel being deposited by sea currents. In consequence, the seabed constantly rises and the shoreline moves towards the sea. This paper deals with accuracy analysis of the undertaken tombolo effect investigation, namely estimation of uncertainty of the measurement results. The aforementioned analysis concerns two methods used for creating a 3D beach model: Firstly, based on geodetic laser scanning (TLS—terrestrial laser scanning) and secondly, using images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The presented exemplary estimation of uncertainty of the measurement of coordinates X-Y-Z is based on the Polish case study.