HS-SPME-GC/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trihalomethanes, Geosmin, and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water Samples

Author:

Pardina Diego1ORCID,Santamaria Asier1,Alonso María Luz1ORCID,Bartolomé Luis2ORCID,Alonso Rosa M.1ORCID,Maña Jon Ander3,Bilbao Elisabeth3,Lombraña Jose Ignacio3ORCID,Bartolome Mikel4,Hernando Luis M.4

Affiliation:

1. Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain

2. SGIker, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain

3. Chemical Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain

4. Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, San Vicente, 8, 48001 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain

Abstract

Drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) use chlorination as an oxidation stage in the first step of the processes used to eliminate the natural organic matter (NOM) responsible for the formation of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and Geosmin (GM), which produce odor and taste to the water. However, chlorination processes give rise to disinfectant toxic subproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). In this work, a headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method has been developed for the quality control of drinking water. 2-MIB, GM, and THMs at different stages of the drinking water treatment process were monitored. The method was validated following the Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Neither carryover nor the matrix effect was observed. The performance of the method was satisfactory in terms of selectivity, repeatability, and accuracy and exhibited a linear concentration range of 0.8–50 µg/L for trichloromethane (TCM), 0.05–20 µg/L for bromodichloromethane, 0.01–20 µg/L for dibromochloromethane and tribromomethane, and 0.005–0.05 µg/L for GM and 2-MIB. The THMs concentration obtained for all the water samples was below the thresholds established by international organizations and, for 2-MIB and GM, were lower for their limit of quantification. The method was also applied to the adsorption kinetic study of TCM on granulated activated carbon, which is the main barrier to reducing the NOM in DWTP.

Funder

Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia

University of Basque Country

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Analytical Chemistry

Reference30 articles.

1. García Vázquez, R., Astillero Pinilla, M.J., and Onaindia Olalde, C. (2011). Contaminantes Procedentes del Tratamiento de las Aguas de Consumo en la CAPV. Análisis de los Tratamientos y de las Variables que Influyen en la Formación de Subproductos en la CAPV. Gob. Vasco., 1–14. Available online: https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/2012_osteba_publicacion/es_def/adjuntos/D-12-01_WEB%20_%20aguas%20de%20consumo.pdf.

2. Determination of trihalomethanes in water samples: A review;Anal. Chim. Acta,2008

3. (2022, December 20). Directiva 98/83/CE del Consejo de 3 de Noviembre de 1998 Relativa a la Calidad de las Aguas Destinadas al Consumo Humano. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=DOUE-L-2000-82524.

4. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2006). Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR), 71 FR 388.

5. WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality.

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