Modeling and Dynamical Analysis of a Fractional-Order Predator–Prey System with Anti-Predator Behavior and a Holling Type IV Functional Response

Abstract

We here investigate the dynamic behavior of continuous and discrete versions of a fractional-order predator–prey system with anti-predator behavior and a Holling type IV functional response. First, we establish the non-negativity, existence, uniqueness and boundedness of solutions to the system from a mathematical analysis perspective. Then, we analyze the stability of its equilibrium points and the possibility of bifurcations using stability analysis methods and bifurcation theory, demonstrating that, under specific parameter conditions, the continuous system exhibits a Hopf bifurcation, while the discrete version exhibits a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation and a period-doubling bifurcation. After providing numerical simulations to illustrate the theoretically derived conclusions and by summarizing the various analytical results obtained, we finally present four interesting conclusions that can contribute to better management and preservation of ecological systems.