Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland

Author:

Daud Noshin1,Currie Valerie1ORCID,Duncan Gary1,Filipe Joao23ORCID,Yoshinari Tomoya4,Stoddart Gary5,Roberts Deborah5,Gratz Silvia1

Affiliation:

1. Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

2. Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

3. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

4. Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan

5. Scottish Organic Producers Association (SOPA), Perth PH2 8BX, UK

Abstract

Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.

Funder

Interface Multiparty Fund

Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology

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