Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Author:

Valenti Irene1ORCID,Tini Francesco2ORCID,Sevarika Milos2ORCID,Agazzi Alessandro3ORCID,Beccari Giovanni2ORCID,Bellezza Ilaria4ORCID,Ederli Luisa2,Grottelli Silvia4,Pasquali Matias1ORCID,Romani Roberto2ORCID,Saracchi Marco1ORCID,Covarelli Lorenzo2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy

2. Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy

3. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy

4. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy

Abstract

Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN–DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.

Funder

Italian Ministry of University and Research

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology

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