An Untargeted Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Depletion of Several Phospholipid Classes in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia on Treatment with Evolocumab

Abstract

Rationale: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is caused by mutations in genes involved in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism, including those for pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9). The effect of PCSK-9 inhibition on the plasma lipidome has been poorly explored. Objective: Using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry method, the plasma lipidome of FH subjects before and at different time intervals during treatment with the PCSK-9 inhibitor Evolocumab was explored. Methods and Results: In 25 FH subjects, heterozygotes or compound heterozygotes for different LDL receptor mutations, untargeted lipidomic revealed significant reductions in 26 lipid classes belonging to phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), ceramide (CER), cholesteryl ester (CE), triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Lipid changes were graded between baseline and 4- and 12-week treatment. At 12-week treatment, five polyunsaturated diacyl PC, accounting for 38.6 to 49.2% of total PC at baseline; two ether/vinyl ether forms; seven SM; five CER and glucosyl/galactosyl-ceramide (HEX-CER) were reduced, as was the unsaturation index of HEX-CER and lactosyl—CER (LAC-CER). Although non quantitative modifications were observed in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) during treatment with Evolocumab, shorter and more saturated fatty acyl chains were documented. Conclusions: Depletion of several phospholipid classes occurs in plasma of FH patients during treatment with the PCSK-9 inhibitor Evolocumab. The mechanism underlying these changes likely involves the de novo synthesis of SM and CER through the activation of the key enzyme sphingomyelin synthase by oxidized LDL and argues for a multifaceted system leading to vascular improvement in users of PCSK-9 inhibitors.