Norisoboldine, a Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid, Inhibits Diaphyseal Fracture Healing in Mice by Alleviating Cartilage Formation

Abstract

Norisoboldine (NOR), the major isoquinoline alkaloid constituent of a Chinese traditional medicine Radix Linderae, has been demonstrated to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and improve arthritis. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of NOR on bone fracture healing and the underlying mechanisms correlated with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) differentiation to chondrocytes. Our results showed that NOR inhibits the tibia fracture healing process by suppressing cartilage formation, which leads to less endochondral ossification, indicated by less osterix and collage I signaling at the fracture site. Moreover, NOR significantly reduced the differentiation of primary BMSCs to chondrocytes in vitro by reducing the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling. These findings imply that NOR negatively regulates the healing of the tibial midshaft fracture, which might delay the union of the fractures and should be noticed when used in other treatments.