Gender Asymmetries: An Exploratory Study of Women’s Experiences in Portuguese Football Organizations

Author:

Santos Maria Helena1ORCID,Marques António Manuel2,Salvador Joana3

Affiliation:

1. Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), CIS-Iscte, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

2. Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal

3. Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract

The main objective of this exploratory study is to analyze the negative effects associated with the phenomenon of tokenism for Portuguese women in non-playing football roles, as well as their strategies for integration into a context where they are a minority and the social functions are dominated by men. To this end, we carried out semi-structured individual interviews with eight men and eight women, undertaking functions in the fields of coaching, psychology, medical team, planning, refereeing, and management in football organizations, and with their contents then subject to thematic analysis. Our analysis confirms how the football context strongly demarcates gender differences with women being more visible and leads to the stereotypical roles being associated with traditional femininity. The findings also observe how, in order to integrate, women align with the norms imposed by the dominant group (men) and accept being circumscribed to the spaces that hegemonic gender ideologies and practices attribute to them.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference60 articles.

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2. Amâncio, L., and Santos, M. (2021). Gender equality and modernity in Portugal. An analysis on the obstacles to gender equality in highly qualified professions. Soc. Sci., 10.

3. Sobreminorias em profissões marcadas pelo género: Consequências e reações;Santos;Análise Soc.,2014

4. Assimilation undercuts authenticity: A consequence of women’s masculine self-presentation in masculine contexts;Dormanen;Psychol. Women Q.,2020

5. Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women;Kanter;Am. J. Sociol.,1977

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