Preliminary Assessment of Environmentally Friendly Mining Options Based on Various Mineral Resources—A Case Study of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone in Pacific

Author:

Wang Chunjuan1ORCID,Liu Dahai2ORCID,Chen Jianjun3ORCID,Li Chenglong4,Yu Ying1

Affiliation:

1. Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Qingdao 266061, China

2. School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

3. School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China

4. Law School, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

Abstract

Deep-sea polymetallic nodules are associated with rich rare substances, such as rare-earth elements (REEs), Mo, Ti, Te, Li, which are currently in demand and are used in various applications. Deep-sea sediments near nodules are another important source of REEs, which will increase the resource potential of polymetallic nodules. Given the similarity of the mining technologies for deep-sea REEs and polymetallic nodules, this study proposed environmentally friendly mining options and developed a technoeconomic evaluation model by combining deep-sea polymetallic nodules and REEs. Using the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone as an example, this study revealed that the development of polymetallic nodules together with REEs of nearby sediments in the form of by-products will improve the economic and environmental benefits. In addition, the effects of discount rate, cost, and price on the economic benefits of nodule mining were discussed, and a technical development direction was proposed based on scientific and technological needs.

Funder

Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

MDPI AG

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