The Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Lineage: An Evolution Driven by the Acquisition of Prophages and Other Mobile Genetic Elements

Abstract

Among clinically relevant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus, the lineage or clonal complex 398 (CC398) is of particular interest. Strains from this lineage were only described as livestock colonizers until 2007. Progressively, cases of infection were reported in humans in contact with farm animals, and now, CC398 isolates are increasingly identified as the cause of severe infections even in patients without any contact with animals. These observations suggest that CC398 isolates have spread not only in the community but also in the hospital setting. In addition, several recent studies have reported that CC398 strains are evolving towards increased virulence and antibiotic resistance. Identification of the origin and emergence of this clonal complex could probably benefit future large-scale studies that aim to detect sources of contamination and infection. Current evidence indicates that the evolution of CC398 strains towards these phenotypes has been driven by the acquisition of prophages and other mobile genetic elements. In this short review, we summarize the main knowledge of this major lineage of S. aureus that has become predominant in the human clinic worldwide within a single decade.