Structure and Optical Anisotropy of Spider Scales and Silk: The Use of Chromaticity and Azimuth Colors to Optically Characterize Complex Biological Structures

Author:

Linklater Denver1ORCID,Vailionis Arturas2,Ryu Meguya3ORCID,Kamegaki Shuji4ORCID,Morikawa Junko45,Mu Haoran6ORCID,Smith Daniel6ORCID,Maasoumi Pegah6,Ford Rohan6,Katkus Tomas6,Blamires Sean789ORCID,Kondo Toshiaki10,Nishijima Yoshiaki1112,Moraru Daniel13ORCID,Shribak Michael14ORCID,O’Connor Andrea1,Ivanova Elena P.15ORCID,Ng Soon Hock6ORCID,Masuda Hideki16,Juodkazis Saulius56ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia

2. Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4088, USA

3. National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan

4. CREST-JST and School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

5. WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan

6. Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

7. Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

8. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

9. School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia

10. Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Aichi University of Technology, Gamagori 443-0047, Japan

11. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan

12. Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan

13. Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan

14. Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

15. College of STEM, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

16. Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan

Abstract

Herein, we give an overview of several less explored structural and optical characterization techniques useful for biomaterials. New insights into the structure of natural fibers such as spider silk can be gained with minimal sample preparation. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) over a broad range of wavelengths (from X-ray to THz) provides information of the structure of the material at correspondingly different length scales (nm-to-mm). When the sample features, such as the alignment of certain fibers, cannot be characterized optically, polarization analysis of the optical images can provide further information on feature alignment. The 3D complexity of biological samples necessitates that there be feature measurements and characterization over a large range of length scales. We discuss the issue of characterizing complex shapes by analysis of the link between the color and structure of spider scales and silk. For example, it is shown that the green-blue color of a spider scale is dominated by the chitin slab’s Fabry–Pérot-type reflectivity rather than the surface nanostructure. The use of a chromaticity plot simplifies complex spectra and enables quantification of the apparent colors. All the experimental data presented herein are used to support the discussion on the structure–color link in the characterization of materials.

Funder

ARC Linkage

JSPS KAKENHI

JST CREST

NIH/NIGMS

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Materials Science,General Chemical Engineering

Reference48 articles.

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2. Diffractive optics in spiders;Parker;J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt.,2003

3. Natural History Museum Bern (2023, March 26). World Spider Catalog. Available online: https://wsc.nmbe.ch/.

4. Structural origins of coloration in the spider Phoroncidia rubroargentea Berland, 1913 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Madagascar;Kariko;J. R. Soc. Interface,2018

5. Biofibres and biocomposites;John;Carbohydr. Polym.,2008

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