Foliar Fertilizer Based on Calcined Bones, Boron and Molybdenum—A Study on the Development and Potential Effects on Maize Grain Production

Abstract

Phosphorus is a biogenic element with a high importance within the food chain. Regrettably, there are limited amounts of phosphorus within minerals naturally occurring in the environment. Its scarcity leads to a necessity of closed loop economy, where this element could be obtained by the processing of various waste materials. Modern agriculture needs to provide sufficient amounts of phosphorus to plant organisms encountering problems with the bioavailability of nutrition. In this research, a post-processed animal waste material (calcined bone) was utilized to reclaim phosphorus and reintroduce it into the environment in a form of foliar fertilizer. The calcined bones were subjected to chemical transformation with nitric acid solution. The solubilization of bones was followed by laboratory-scale pot experiments, in which the fertilizer was used for the cultivation of maize plants. In the field experiments, the fertilizer was additionally fortified with boron and molybdenum elements. It was observed that the utilization of the fertilizer had a positive impact on maize plants, i.e., improvement in the biomass production of aboveground and underground parts of the plants. The amount of chlorophyll increased in comparison to control plants. Maize grain production was increased by approximately 600 kg ha−1).