HS-SPME-GC–MS Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds and Polar and Lipid Metabolites of the “Stendesto” Plum–Apricot Kernel with Reference to Its Parents

Abstract

Plum–apricot hybrids are the successful backcrosses of plums and apricots. Plums and apricots are well-known and preferred by consumers because of their distinct sensory and beneficial health properties. However, kernel consumption remains limited even though kernels are easily accessible. The “Stendesto” hybrid originates from the “Modesto” apricot and the “Stanley” plum. Kernal metabolites exhibited quantitative differences in terms of metabolites identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and HS-SPME technique profiling. The results revealed a total of 55 different compounds. Phenolic acids, hydrocarbons, organic acids, fatty acids, sugar acids and alcohols, mono- and disaccharides, as well as amino acids were identified in the studied kernels. The hybrid kernel generally inherited all the metabolites present in the parental kernels. Volatile organic compounds were also investigated. Thirty-five compounds identified as aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, furans, acids, esters, and alkanes were present in the studied samples. Considering volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the hybrid kernel had more resemblance to the plum one, bearing that alkanes were only identified in the apricot kernel. The objective of this study was to investigate the volatile composition and metabolic profile of the first Bulgarian plum–apricot hybrid kernels, and to provide comparable data relevant to both parents. With the aid of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), differentiation and clustering of the results occurred in terms of the metabolites present in the plum–apricot hybrid kernels with reference to their parental lines. This study is the first providing information about the metabolic profile of variety-defined kernels. It is also a pioneering study on the comprehensive evaluation of fruit hybrids.