Unmasking the Antifungal Activity of Anacardium occidentale Leaf Extract against Candida albicans

Author:

Quejada Luis F.1ORCID,Hernandez Andrea X.2,Chitiva Luis C.2ORCID,Bravo-Chaucanés Claudia P.1ORCID,Vargas-Casanova Yerly1ORCID,Faria Robson X.3ORCID,Costa Geison M.2ORCID,Parra-Giraldo Claudia M.14

Affiliation:

1. Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, 110231 Bogotá, Colombia

2. Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, 110231 Bogotá, Colombia

3. Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil

4. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Caja S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Abstract

Invasive fungal disease causes high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. Resistance to conventional antifungal drugs and the toxicity associated with high doses highlight the need for effective antifungal therapies. In this study, the antifungal potential of the ethanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew Leaf) leaves were evaluated against Candida albicans and C. auris. The antifungal activity was tested by the broth microdilution method and growth kinetic test. To further explore its antifungal action mode, spectrofluorophotometry, confocal microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Additionally, heterozygous knockout strains associated with resistance to oxidative stress were included in the study. We found that A. occidentale could inhibit the proliferation and growth of C. albicans at concentrations of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL. The doubling time was also drastically affected, going from 2.8 h to 22.5 h, which was also observed in C. auris. The extract induced the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, while it did not show cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity at the concentrations evaluated. Our work preliminarily elucidated the potential mechanisms of A. occidentale against C. albicans on a cellular level, and might provide a promising option for the design of a new treatment for invasive candidiasis.

Funder

Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

MinCiencias

Ministerio de Educación Nacional

Ministerio de Industria

Comercio y Turismo e ICETEX

Convocatoria Ecosistema Científico

World Bank

Publisher

MDPI AG

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