Development of the VEGANScreener, a Tool for a Quick Diet Quality Assessment among Vegans in Europe

Author:

Kronsteiner-Gicevic Selma12ORCID,Bogl Leonie H.3ORCID,Wakolbinger Maria4ORCID,Müller Sandra5,Dietrich Joelina5ORCID,De Keyzer Willem67ORCID,Bullón-Vela Vanessa8ORCID,Selinger Eliska910ORCID,Keller Vanessa5,Martínez Tabar Ainara8,Asif Tooba7,Craig Leone11,Kyle Janet11,Schlesinger Sabrina12,Köder Christian5,Ouradova Anna13,Henikova Marina13ORCID,Van Lippevelde Wendy14,Cahova Monika15ORCID,Martínez González Miguel Angel81617ORCID,Willett Walter1618ORCID,Bes-Rastrollo Maira817ORCID,Gojda Jan13ORCID,De Henauw Stefaan7,Keller Markus5,Kuzma Marek1920,Schernhammer Eva118ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria

2. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria

3. Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3008 Bern, Switzerland

4. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria

5. Research Institute for Plant-Based Nutrition, 35444 Biebertal, Germany

6. School of Bioscience and Industrial Technology, HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

7. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

8. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

9. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic

10. Center for Public Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic

11. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK

12. Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich, Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

13. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic

14. Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Marketing Innovation & Organisation Unit Consumer Behaviour, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

15. Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic

16. Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA

17. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain

18. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA

19. Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic

20. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Abstract

Background: Plant-based diets are not inherently healthy. Similar to omnivorous diets, they may contain excessive amounts of sugar, sodium, and saturated fats, or lack diversity. Moreover, vegans might be at risk of inadequate intake of certain vitamins and minerals commonly found in foods that they avoid. We developed the VEGANScreener, a tool designed to assess the diet quality of vegans in Europe. Methods: Our approach combined best practices in developing diet quality metrics with scale development approaches and involved the following: (a) narrative literature synthesis, (b) evidence evaluation by an international panel of experts, and (c) translation of evidence into a diet screener. We employed a modified Delphi technique to gather opinions from an international expert panel. Results: Twenty-five experts in the fields of nutrition, epidemiology, preventive medicine, and diet assessment participated in the first round, and nineteen participated in the subsequent round. Initially, these experts provided feedback on a pool of 38 proposed items from the literature review. Consequently, 35 revised items, with 17 having multiple versions, were suggested for further consideration. In the second round, 29 items were retained, and any residual issues were addressed in the final consensus meeting. The ultimate screener draft encompassed 29 questions, with 17 focusing on foods and nutrients to promote, and 12 addressing foods and nutrients to limit. The screener contained 24 food-based and 5 nutrient-based questions. Conclusions: We elucidated the development process of the VEGANScreener, a novel diet quality screener for vegans. Future endeavors involve contrasting the VEGANScreener against benchmark diet assessment methodologies and nutritional biomarkers and testing its acceptance. Once validated, this instrument holds potential for deployment as a self-assessment application for vegans and as a preliminary dietary screening and counseling tool in healthcare settings.

Funder

HDHL-INTIMIC: Standardized measurement, monitoring, and/or biomarkers to study food intake, physical activity, and health

ERA-Net HDHL-INTIMIC, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme

Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG

Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research

Research Foundation Flanders FWO

Czech Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports

German Funding Foundation DFG

Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference69 articles.

1. The Vegan Society (2023, September 09). Definition of Veganism. Available online: https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism.

2. Veganism, Identity and the Quest for Authenticity;Greenebaum;Food Cult. Soc.,2012

3. Veganism as a lifestyle movement;Gheihman;Sociol. Compass,2021

4. IPSOS (2018). An Exploration into Diets around the World, IPSOS.

5. Plant-based and vegetarian diets: An overview and definition of these dietary patterns;Hargreaves;Eur. J. Nutr.,2023

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