Method of Extracting the Instantaneous Phases and Frequencies of Respiration from the Signal of a Photoplethysmogram

Abstract

We propose for the first time a method for extracting the instantaneous phases of respiration from the signal of a photoplethysmogram (PPG). In addition to the instantaneous phases of respiration, this method allows for more accurately extracting the instantaneous frequencies of respiration from a PPG than other methods. The proposed method is based on a calculation of the element-wise product of the wavelet spectrum of a PPG and the sequence of intervals between the heartbeats extracted from a PPG, and a calculation of the skeleton of the resulting spectrum in the respiratory frequency range. It is shown that such an element-wise product makes it possible to extract the instantaneous phases and instantaneous frequencies of respiration more accurately than using the wavelet transform of a PPG signal or the sequence of the heartbeat intervals. The proposed method was verified by analyzing the signals from healthy subjects recorded during stress-inducing cognitive tasks. This method can be used in wearable devices for signal processing.