Affiliation:
1. Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27711, USA
2. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27711, USA
Abstract
We examined the impact of dimethylsulfide (DMS) emissions on sulfate concentrations over the continental U.S. by using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.4 and performing annual simulations without and with DMS emissions for 2018. DMS emissions enhance sulfate not only over seawater but also over land, although to a lesser extent. On an annual basis, the inclusion of DMS emissions increase sulfate concentrations by 36% over seawater and 9% over land. The largest impacts over land occur in California, Oregon, Washington, and Florida, where the annual mean sulfate concentrations increase by ~25%. The increase in sulfate causes a decrease in nitrate concentration due to limited ammonia concentration, especially over seawater, and an increase in ammonium concentration with a net effect of increased inorganic particles. The largest sulfate enhancement occurs near the surface (over seawater), and the enhancement decreases with altitude, diminishing to 10–20% at an altitude of ~5 km. Seasonally, the largest enhancement in sulfate over seawater occurs in summer, and the lowest in winter. In contrast, the largest enhancements over land occur in spring and fall due to higher wind speeds that can transport more sulfate from seawater into land.
Subject
Atmospheric Science,Environmental Science (miscellaneous)
Reference60 articles.
1. Ocean-atmosphere trace gas exchange;Carpenter;Chem. Soc. Rev.,2012
2. Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate;Charlson;Nature,1987
3. Lana, A., Bell, T.G., Simó, R., Vallina, S.M., Ballabrera-Poy, J., Kettle, A.J., Dachs, J., Bopp, L., Saltzman, E.S., and Stefels, J. (2011). An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 25.
4. Exploring dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation and implications for global aerosol radiative forcing;Fung;Atmos. Chem. Phys.,2022
5. Global and regional trends of atmospheric sulfur;Aas;Nat. Sci. Rep.,2019
Cited by
5 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献