Energy Efficiency and Throughput Maximization Using Millimeter Waves–Microwaves HetNets

Abstract

The deployment of millimeter waves can fulfil the stringent requirements of high bandwidth and high energy efficiency in fifth generation (5G) networks. Still, millimeter waves communication is challenging because it requires line of sight (LOS). The heterogeneous network (HetNet) of millimeter waves and microwaves solves this problem. This paper proposes a millimeter -microwaves heterogeneous HetNet deployed in an indoor factory (InF). In InF, the manufacturing and production are performed inside big and small halls. We consider non standalone dual-mode base stations (DMBS) working on millimeter waves and microwaves. We analyze the network in terms of throughput and energy efficiency (EE). We formulate mixed-integer-non-linear-programming (MINLP) to maximize the throughput and EE of the network. The formulated problem is a complex optimization problem and hard to solve with exhaustive search. We propose a novel outer approximation algorithm (OAA) to solve this problem, and the proposed algorithm OAA achieves optimal solution at β = 10−3. At this β, the average throughput value obtained is approximately 50 Mbps, whereas the value of EE is 4.4 Mbits/J. We also compare the performance of OAA with the mesh-adaptive-direct-search-algorithm (NOMAD), and the experimental results verify that OAA outperforms NOMAD in terms of throughput and EE maximization. We also compare the performance of OAA with particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and many others optimization algorithms. Experimental results verify that OAA outperforms all other algorithms.