Development of a Smart Portable Hypoxic Chamber with Accurate Sensing, Control and Visualization of In Vitro Cell Culture for Replication of Cancer Microenvironment

Abstract

Clinical resistance towards treatment is a major concern in cancer therapy. This is due to in vitro studies lacking essential microenvironmental aspects. Tumor-hypoxia is an important pathophysiological phenomenon in numerous malignant tumors. Various studies have shown the importance of a hypoxic microenvironment (HME) in cancer drug resistance and its effects on cellular signaling and metabolism pathways. Most drugs fail in transition from a laboratory to clinical trials because of the variability in the testing microenvironment conditions. It is, thus, very crucial that research work needs to replicate these conditions in vitro to test the drugs and/or drug carriers for cancer therapy. Previous works have used a portable hypoxia chamber to reduce the cell microenvironment to hypoxic conditions. These techniques lack reliability and consistency due to a lack of control and visualization. In this research, we developed a smart portable hypoxia chamber that could accurately control the oxygen inside the portable chamber and have a global visualization. The proposed hypoxia chamber provided ease of use with the ranges of 1% to 20% oxygen with increments of 0.5%, as well as reproducibility and accuracy. The chamber displayed great precision on reaching the set oxygen limit and a high stability in maintaining that set level of oxygen compared to the uncontrolled setup for extended durations (24 h). For instance, at a 2% oxygen level, our automated system maintained this level over 1400 min, whereas the oxygen level fluctuated up to 4.5% in the conventional hypoxic chamber. We have also demonstrated the pitfalls of uncontrolled and non-visualized hypoxia chamber setup and the dire need for our system. The hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1α) expression in cancer cell lines was tested and compared between the conventional hypoxia setup and our automated hypoxia chamber. We observed that there was a twofold increase in HIF-1α expression in the automated controlled chamber compared to the conventional device. The device also provided real-time sensing, visualization and control of the chamber conditions, which could aid in complex in vitro studies.