Influence of Thermal Annealing on the Sinterability of Different Grades of Polylactide Microspheres Dedicated for Laser Sintering

Abstract

We present a comparison of the influence of the conditioning temperature of microspheres made of medical grade poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and polylactide with 4 wt % of D-lactide content (PLA) on the thermal and structural properties. The microspheres were fabricated using the solid-in-oil-in-water method for applications in additive manufacturing. The microspheres were annealed below the glass transition temperature (Tg), above Tg but below the onset of cold crystallization, and at two temperatures selected from the range of cold crystallization corresponding to the crystallization of the α’ and α form of poly(L-lactide), i.e., at 40, 70, 90, and 120 °C, in order to verify the influence of the conditioning temperature on the sinterability of the microspheres set as the sintering window (SW). Based on differential scanning calorimetry measurements, the SWs of the microspheres were evaluated with consideration of the existence of cold crystallization and reorganization of crystal polymorphs. The results indicated that the conditioning temperature influenced the availability and range of the SWs depending on the D-lactide presence. We postulate the need for an individual approach for polylactide powders in determining the SW as a temperature range free of any thermal events. We also characterized other core powder characteristics, such as the residual solvent content, morphology, particle size distribution, powder flowability, and thermal conductivity, as key properties for successful laser sintering. The microspheres were close to spheres, and the size of the microspheres was below 100 µm. The residual solvent content decreased with the increase of the annealing temperature. The thermal conductivities were 0.073 and 0.064 W/mK for PLA and PLLA microspheres, respectively, and this depended on the spherical shape of the microspheres. The wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) studies proved that an increase in the conditioning temperature caused a slight increase in the crystallinity degree for PLLA microspheres and a clear increase in crystallization for the PLA microspheres.