A Long-Term Study on Chemical Compounds and Their Location in Sweet Basil Leaves from Organic and Conventional Producers

Abstract

Bioactive compound profiles in organic and conventional sweet basil were analyzed by HPLC, and the enzymatic status and antioxidant status of plants cultivated with the two systems were also examined. Fluorescence microscopy was used for the determination of compounds’ locations in the basil leaves. The experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Organic and conventional basil samples were obtained directly from Polish herb producers. The results showed that the chemical profiles of organic and conventional basil leaves are different. Not only the cultivation method but also the experimental year had a significant impact on the antioxidant content in basil leaves. Organic basil contained significantly more dry matter (11.97 g 100 g−1 FW) compared to conventional one (10.54 g 100 g−1 FW) and a higher tendency for total phenolic compounds (5.24 mg g −1 DW) accumulation. The higher bioactive compound content reflects the antioxidant activity (61.0%, 54.33%, and 46%) in organic basil compared to conventional (46.87%, 38.055, and 39.24%) with respect to the analysis method (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP). Catalase activity (39 µmol H2O2 min−1 mg−1) in organic basil was higher compared to conventional (23.19 µmol H2O2 min−1 mg−1) ones. The obtained results are very unique and could be used by herb producers as a key for high-quality basil production. The higher concentration of bioactive compounds in organic basil gives a better nutraceutical status to this popular herb.