1. Reynolds , Terry S. “The Education of Engineers in America Before the Morrill Act of 1862,” History of Education Quarterly Spring 1993
2. Monte Calvert's discussion of the continuing debates among mechanical engineers about the merits of shop vs. school culture, demonstrates that many engineers did not easily accept this choice. See The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910: Professional Cultures in Conflict , Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London 1967
3. “The Engineering Profession Considers Its Educational Problems: A Forgotten Episode of the Centennial Exposition of 1876,”;Rezneck;Association of American Colleges Bulletin,1957
4. “Technical Education in Colleges and Universities,”;Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,Aug. 1892
5. Between 1889 and 1899 the number of engineering students grew from about 3000 to more than 9500. See Baker, Ira O., “Engineering Education in the United States at the End of the Century,” Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education [Hereafter Proc. SPEE ], vol. 8 1900 15