The evolutionary history of rice azaleas (Rhododendron tschonoskii alliance) involved niche evolution to a montane environment

Author:

Yoichi Watanabe1ORCID,Tamaki Ichiro2ORCID,Oh Sang‐Hun3ORCID,Nagano Atsushi J.45,Uehara Koichi6,Tomaru Nobuhiro7,Abe Harue8ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Graduate School of Horticulture Chiba University 648 Matsudo, Matsudo Chiba 271‐8510 Japan

2. Gifu Academy of Forest Science and Culture 88 Sodai, Mino Gifu Japan

3. Department of Biology Daejeon University 62 Daehak‐ro, Dong‐gu Daejeon 34520 South Korea

4. Faculty of Agriculture Ryukoku University 1‐5 Yokotani, Seta Oe‐cho, Otsu Shiga 520‐2194 Japan

5. Institute for Advanced Biosciences Keio University 403‐1 Nipponkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka Yamagata 997‐0017 Japan

6. College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Chiba University 1‐33 Yayoi‐cho, Inage‐ku Chiba 263‐8522 Japan

7. Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa Nagoya Japan

8. Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University 94‐2 Koda, Sado Niigata 952‐2206 Japan

Abstract

AbstractPremiseThe formation of isolated montane geography on islands promotes evolution, speciation, and then radiation if there are ecological changes. Thus, investigating evolutionary histories of montane species and associated ecological changes may help efforts to understand how endemism formed in islands’ montane floras. To explore this process, we investigated the evolutionary history of the Rhododendron tschonoskii alliance, which grows in montane environments of the Japanese archipelago and the Korean Peninsula.MethodsWe studied the five species in the R. tschonoskii alliance and 30 outgroup species, using genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and cpDNA sequences, in association with environmental analyses.ResultsThe monophyletic R. tschonoskii alliance diverged since the late Miocene. Species in the alliance currently inhabit a cold climatic niche that is largely different from that of the outgroup species. We observed clear genetic and niche differentiations between the taxa of the alliance.ConclusionsThe association of the alliance's evolution with the formation of cooler climates on mountains indicates that it was driven by global cooling since the mid‐Miocene and by rapid uplift of mountains since the Pliocene. The combination of geographic and climatic isolation promoted high genetic differentiation between taxa, which has been maintained by climatic oscillations since the Quaternary.

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Plant Science,Genetics,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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