Affiliation:
1. Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and with the School of Engineering Medicine Beihang University Beijing 100083 China
2. State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application China Astronaut Research and Training Center Beijing 100094 China
3. State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
Abstract
AbstractThe neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a peripheral synaptic connection between presynaptic motor neurons and postsynaptic skeletal muscle fibers that enables muscle contraction and voluntary motor movement. Many traumatic, neurodegenerative, and neuroimmunological diseases are classically believed to mainly affect either the neuronal or the muscle side of the NMJ, and treatment options are lacking. Recent advances in novel techniques have helped develop in vitro physiological and pathophysiological models of the NMJ as well as enable precise control and evaluation of its functions. This paper reviews the recent developments in in vitro NMJ models with 2D or 3D cultures, from organ‐on‐a‐chip and organoids to biohybrid robotics. Related derivative techniques are introduced for functional analysis of the NMJ, such as the patch‐clamp technique, microelectrode arrays, calcium imaging, and stimulus methods, particularly optogenetic‐mediated light stimulation, microelectrode‐mediated electrical stimulation, and biochemical stimulation. Finally, the applications of the in vitro NMJ models as disease models or for drug screening related to suitable neuromuscular diseases are summarized and their future development trends and challenges are discussed.
Funder
Beijing Nova Program
Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Subject
Mechanical Engineering,Mechanics of Materials,General Materials Science
Cited by
9 articles.
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