Affiliation:
1. Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology Taiyuan 030001 China
2. Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Taiyuan 030001 China
3. Department of Stomatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China
4. CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
5. School of Medicine Zhongda Hospital Southeast University Nanjing 210000 China
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid‐enclosed nanosized membrane vesicles, are regarded as new vehicles and therapeutic agents in intercellular communication. During internal circulation, if EVs are not effectively taken up by recipient cells, they will be cleared as “cellular waste” and unable to deliver therapeutic components. It can be seen that cells uptake EVs are the prerequisite premise for sharing intercellular biological information. However, natural EVs have a low rate of absorption by their recipient cells, off‐target delivery, and rapid clearance from circulation, which seriously reduces the utilization rate. Affecting the uptake rate of EVs through engineering technologies is essential for therapeutic applications. Engineering strategies for customizing EV uptake can potentially overcome these limitations and enable desirable therapeutic uses of EVs. In this review, the mechanism and influencing factors of natural EV uptake will be described in detail. Targeting each EV uptake mechanism, the strategies of engineered EVs and their application in diseases will be emphatically discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of engineered EVs are presented multidimensionally.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Subject
Pharmaceutical Science,Biomedical Engineering,Biomaterials