A Comparative Analysis of Phytochemicals, Metal Ions, Volatile Metabolites in Heart Wood, Stem Bark and Leaves of Salix alba L. along with in Vitro Antioxidant, Antacid, Antimicrobial Activities for Sake of Environment Conservation by Substitution of Stem Bark With Leaf

Abstract

AbstractThe genus of Salix is used in food, medicine and nutraceuticals, and standardized by using the single marker compound Salicin only. Stem bark is the official part used for the preparation of various drugs, nutraceuticals and food products, which may lead to overexploitation and damage of tree. There is need to search substitution of the stem bark with leaf of Salix alba L. (SA), which is yet not reported. Comparative phytochemicals viz. Salicin, Procyanidin B1 and Catechin were quantified in the various parts of SA viz. heart wood (SA‐HW), stem bark (SA‐SB) and leaves (SA‐L) of Salix alba L.by using newly developed HPLC method. It was observed that SA‐HW and SA‐L contained far better amount of Salicin, Procyanidin B and Catechin as compared to SA‐SB (SA‐HW~SA‐L≫SA‐SB). Essential and toxic metal ions of all three parts were analysed using newly developed ICP‐OES method, where SA‐L were founded as a rich source of micronutrients and essential metal ions as compared to SA‐SB and SA‐HW. GC‐MS analysis has shown the presence of fatty acids and volatile compounds. The observed TPC and TFC values for all three parts were ranged from 2.69 to 32.30 mg GAE/g of wt. and 37.57 to 220.76 mg QCE/g of wt. respectively. In DPPH assay the IC50 values of SA‐SB, SA‐HW, and SA‐L were 1.09 (±0.02), 5.42 (±0.08), and 8.82 (±0.10) mg/mL, respectively. The order of antibacterial activities against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and B. subtilis strains was SA‐L>SA‐HW>SA‐SB with strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus, and B. subtilis strains. The antacid activities order was SA‐L>SA‐SB>SA‐HW. The leaves of SA have shown significant source of nutrients, phytochemicals and medicinal properties than SA‐HW and SA‐SB. The leaves of SA may be considered as substitute of stem bark to save the environment or to avoid over exploitation, but after the complete pharmacological and toxicological studies.