1. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Room 106 Geosciences Bldg., Palisades, NY 10964, USA
3. Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 918 Seeley Mudd Bldg., 500 West 120th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
4. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
5. US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Rd., Hanover, NH 03755, USA