The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review

Author:

Al-kuraishy Hayder M.1ORCID,Al-Gareeb Ali I.1ORCID,Alkazmi Luay2ORCID,El-Bouseary Maisra M.3ORCID,Hamad Rabab S.45ORCID,Abdelhamid Mahmoud6ORCID,Batiha Gaber El-Saber7ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq

2. Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia

3. Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

4. Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia

5. Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt

6. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt

7. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt

Abstract

Chronic helminth infections (CHIs) can induce immunological tolerance through the upregulation of regulatory T cells. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), abnormal adaptive immune response and exaggerated immune response may cause immune-mediated tissue damage. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and CHIs establish complicated immune interactions due to SARS-CoV-2-induced immunological stimulation and CHIs-induced immunological tolerance. However, COVID-19 severity in patients with CHIs is mild, as immune-suppressive anti-inflammatory cytokines counterbalance the risk of cytokine storm. Since CHIs have immunomodulatory effects, therefore, this narrative review aimed to clarify how CHIs modulate the immunoinflammatory response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. CHIs, through helminth-derived molecules, may suppress SARS-CoV-2 entry and associated hyperinflammation through attenuation of the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, CHIs may reduce the COVID-19 severity by reducing the SARS-CoV-2 entry points in the initial phase and immunomodulation in the late phase of the disease by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, CHIs may reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing hyperinflammation and exaggerated immune response. Thus, retrospective and prospective studies are recommended in this regard.

Funder

Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University

Publisher

Hindawi Limited

Subject

Immunology,General Medicine,Immunology and Allergy

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