Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes between 10 and 17 Years of Age in Jordan

Abstract

Background and Aim. The chronicity of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the demanding nature of care needed to maintain adequate glycemic control expose adolescents with T1D to various psychosocial disorders including depression. We aimed to study the frequency and risk factors of depressive symptoms in adolescents with T1D in Jordan. Methods. The study was conducted by distributing the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) to adolescents with T1D seen at Jordan University Hospital between February 2019 and February 2020. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic data were collected using electronic clinical charts. Possible predictors of depression were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results. A total of 108 children were enrolled in the study with mean age of $13.7\pm 2.3$ years. Fifty-eight children (53.7%) had a CES depression score less than 15, and 50 children (46.3%) had a depression score of 15 or more. The number of diabetes-related hospital admissions and the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were significantly different between the two groups. In the multivariable analysis, both gender and SMBG frequency were statistically significant. Girls were more likely to have a depression $\text{score}\ge 15$ ( $\text{OR}=3.41$ , $p=0.025$ ) than boys. Patients who were rarely testing blood glucose levels were more likely to have a depression $\text{score}\ge 15$ compared to those who were testing regularly ( $\text{OR}=36.57$ , $p=0.002$ ). Conclusion. The prevalence of depressive symptoms is relatively high in adolescents with T1D, especially in those living in developing countries. Longer diabetes duration, higher glycated hemoglobin level, and less frequent blood glucose monitoring are associated with higher depression scores.