Selectivity of Dietary Phenolics for Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B

Abstract

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) regulate local levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and thus have been targeted by drugs for the treatment of certain CNS disorders. However, recent studies have shown that these enzymes are upregulated with age in nervous and cardiac tissues and may be involved in degeneration of these tissues, since their metabolic mechanism releases hydrogen peroxide leading to oxidative stress. Thus, targeting these enzymes may be a potential anti-aging strategy. The purpose of this study was to compare the MAO inhibition and selectivity of selected dietary phenolic compounds, using a previously validated assay that would avoid interference from the compounds. Kynuramine metabolism by human recombinant MAO-A and MAO-B leads to formation of 4-hydroxyquinoline, with Vmax values of 10.2±0.2 and 7.35±0.69 nmol/mg/min, respectively, and Km values of 23.1±0.8 μM and 18.0±2.3 μM, respectively. For oral dosing and interactions with the gastrointestinal tract, curcumin, guaiacol, isoeugenol, pterostilbene, resveratrol, and zingerone were tested at their highest expected luminal concentrations from an oral dose. Each of these significantly inhibited both enzymes except for zingerone, which only inhibited MAO-A. The IC50 values were determined, and selectivity indices (MAO-A/MAO-B IC50 ratios) were calculated. Resveratrol and isoeugenol were selective for MAO-A, with IC50 values of 0.313±0.008 and 3.72±0.20 μM and selectivity indices of 50.5 and 27.4, respectively. Pterostilbene was selective for MAO-B, with IC50 of 0.138±0.013 μM and selectivity index of 0.0103. The inhibition of resveratrol (MAO-A) and pterostilbene (MAO-B) was consistent with competitive time-independent mechanisms. Resveratrol 4’-glucoside was the only compound which inhibited MAO-A, but itself, resveratrol 3-glucoside, and pterostilbene 4’-glucoside failed to inhibit MAO-B. Additional studies are needed to establish the effects of these compounds on MAO-A and/or MAO-B in humans.