China’s Energy Demand Forecasting Based on the Hybrid PSO-LSSVR Model

Abstract

Forecasting energy demand accurately is the basis for the formulation and implementation of energy planning. In this paper, energy demand influencing factors are mainly decomposed into scale economy effect, population size effect, energy structure effect, and residential consumption effect based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI). Then, the Cointegration and Granger Causality tests are used to discover the influencing factors of energy demand in China. On this basis, a hybrid optimization algorithm, the least-squares support-vector regression optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO-LSSVR), is proposed to forecast the energy demand of China. Then, three scenarios are set up to analyze the further development of drive factors of energy demand. Finally, in accordance with the forecasting results, some suggestions related to China’s energy development policy are given. The main results are as follows. First, gross domestic product (GDP), the total population at the end of the year (POP), the coal consumption ratio in energy (CCR), and residential consumption levels (RCLs) are dominant indicators of energy demand in China. Second, the improved PSO-LSSVR model has significant superiority than other models in energy demand forecasting, a complex and nonlinear system with small samples. Third, China’s energy demand will peak in 2022, which is 4.9 million tce in all scenarios.