Organosulfur Compounds in Aged Garlic Extract Ameliorate Glucose Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Cardiac Fibrosis, and Cardiac Apoptosis

Abstract

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy has emerged as a major cause of cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure due to uncontrolled glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment to prevent or treat the cardiac burden associated with diabetes, which urges the development of dual antidiabetic and cardioprotective cardiac therapy based on natural products. This study investigates the cardiotoxic profile of glucose and the efficacy of AGE against glucose-induced cardiotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Methods: The cellular metabolic activity of H9c2 cardiomyocytes under increasing glucose concentration and the therapeutic efficacy of AGE were investigated using the MTT cell cytotoxicity assay. The in vitro model was established in six groups known as 1. control, 2. cells treated with 25 μM glucose, 3. 100 μM glucose, 4. 25 μM glucose +35 μM AGE, 5. 100 μM glucose + 35 μM AGE, and 6. 35 μM AGE. Morphological and nuclear analyses were performed using Giemsa, HE, DAPI, and PI, respectively, whereas cell death was simultaneously assessed using the trypan blue assay. The antioxidant potential of AGE was evaluated by DCFH-DA assay, NO, and H202 scavenging assay. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also investigated. The antiglycative potential of AGE was examined by antiglycation assays, amylase zymography, and SDS PAGE. These results were then validated by in silico molecular docking and qRTPCR. Results: Hyperglycemia significantly reduced cellular metabolic activity of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, and AGE was found to preserve cell viability approximately 2-fold by attenuating oxidative, fibrosis, and apoptotic signaling molecules. In silico and qRTPCR studies confirmed that organosulfur compounds target TNF-α, MAPK, TGF-β, MMP-7, and caspase-9 signaling molecules to ameliorate glucose-induced cardiotoxicity. Conclusion: AGE was found to be an antidiabetic and cardioprotective natural product with exceptional therapeutic potential for use as a novel herb-drug therapy in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy in future therapies.