Synthesis, Computational Analysis, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay, β-hematin Assay and Anti-inflammatory Studies of some Hydrazones (Part-I)

Abstract

Background: Hydrazone and its azomethine (-NHN=CH-) derivatives are widely reported for their immense pharmacological potential. They have also been reported to possess potent anti-tuberculosis, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. Considering their pharmacological significance, we herein synthesized a set of 10 hydrazones (1S-10S) using green, biodegradable chitosan and HCl as catalyst. Methods: All synthesized compounds were characterized using modern spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear magnetic resonance, 1H-/13C-NMR; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR); Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; Mass spectrometry (m/z), etc. Synthesized compounds were in silico screened using molecular docking, dynamics, pharmacokinetics, theoretical properties, and common pharmacophore analysis. Moreover, we also subjected all compounds to DPPH radical scavenging assay, protein denaturation assay, Trypan Blue assay for cell viability assessments, β-hematin assay for hemozoin inhibition analysis and standard antimicrobial analysis. Results: Our results suggested that the synthesized compound 2S had high potency against studied microbial strains (minimum MIC = 3.12 μg/mL). Our antioxidant analysis for 1S-10S revealed that our compounds had radical scavenging effects ranging from 25.1-80.3 %. Compounds 2S exhibited % cell viability of 68.92% (at 100 μg concentration of sample), while the same compound retained anti-inflammatory % inhibition at 62.16 %. Compound 2S was obtained as the best docked molecule, with a docking score of -5.32 Kcal/mol with target pdb id: 1d7u protein. Molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis for 100 ns for 1d7u:2S retained good stability. Finally, in silico pharmacokinetics, theoretical properties and pharmacophoric features were assessed. Conclusion: In summary, synthesized hydrazone exhibited a good biological profile according to in silico and in vitro studies. However, further in vivo studies are required that may shed more insights on its potencies.