A Systematic Review of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Etiology, Clinical Symptoms, Pathogenesis, and Future Developments

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are nervous system disorders that impact around 30 million people globally. Loss of brain tissue is a hallmark symptom of NDDs. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are among the NDDs caused by protein misfolding and inappropriate processing of proteins. In addition, neurodegeneration has also been linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, and/or environmental variables strongly correlated with aging. Significant evidence has been obtained after years of intensive research that shows these factors have a crucial role in the etiology of prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Many clues have been identified regarding neurodegenerative illnesses, but the complexities of these conditions still make them difficult to understand. This chapter presents a more straightforward explanation to help individuals better understand NDDs, their etiology, clinical symptoms, and pathogenesis