Neuroimmune Dysregulation in Prepubertal and Adolescent Individuals Affected by Klinefelter Syndrome

Author:

Fiore Marco1,Tarani Luigi2,Ceci Flavio Maria3,Carito Valentina1,Ferraguti Giampiero3,Petrella Carla1,Greco Antonio4,Ralli Massimo4,Minni Antonio4,Spaziani Matteo5,Isidori Andrea M.5,Certo Maria Grazia Di1,Barbato Christian1,Putotto Carolina2

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy

2. Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy

3. Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy

4. Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy

5. Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Abstract

Background: The syndrome Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder due to an extra X chromosome in males. Many cases remain undiagnosed until the onset of major manifestations, which include hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. This condition is associated with many comorbidities that involve the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems. Last but not the least, individuals with KS show a high risk of developing psychiatric and mood disorders in adult age. Objective: While many studies are accessible on KS in adult individuals, the neuroinflammatory condition in adolescent and prepubertal KS individuals is not fully known. Methods: Our study aims to evaluate in prepubertal and adolescent KS individuals, for the first time, the levels of the serum of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), cytokines having subtle roles in oxidative processes, and neuroinflammation with respect to the levels of TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 and oxidative stress by employing free oxygen radicals defense and free oxygen radicals test. Results: We found no changes in NGF and oxidative stress parameters, but BDNF decreased compared to healthy children. Quite interestingly, our data showed reduced levels of IL-2, IL-1α, IL- 12, IL-10, and IL-6 in prepubertal KS children. Conclusion: The present study discloses disrupted immune system and neurotrophin pathways in KS children.

Publisher

Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Subject

Immunology and Allergy,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

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