Affiliation:
1. Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
2. Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
3. Center for Geospatial Analytics North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
4. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
5. Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
6. U.S. Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
Abstract
AbstractCompared to non‐urban environments, cities host ecological communities with altered taxonomic diversity and functional trait composition. However, we know little about how these urban changes take shape over time. Using historical bee (Apoidea: Anthophila) museum specimens supplemented with online repositories and researcher collections, we investigated whether bee species richness tracked urban and human population growth over the past 118 years. We also determined which species were no longer collected, whether those species shared certain traits, and if collector behavior changed over time. We focused on Wake County, North Carolina, United States where human population size has increased over 16 times over the last century along with the urban area within its largest city, Raleigh, which has increased over four times. We estimated bee species richness with occupancy models, and rarefaction and extrapolation curves to account for imperfect detection and sample coverage. To determine if bee traits correlated with when species were collected, we compiled information on native status, nesting habits, diet breadth, and sociality. We used non‐metric multidimensional scaling to determine if individual collectors contributed different bee assemblages over time. In total, there were 328 species collected in Wake County. We found that although bee species richness varied, there was no clear trend in bee species richness over time. However, recent collections (since 2003) were missing 195 species, and there was a shift in trait composition, particularly lost species were below‐ground nesters. The top collectors in the dataset differed in how often they collected bee species, but this was not consistent between historic and contemporary time periods; some contemporary collectors grouped closer together than others, potentially due to focusing on urban habitats. Use of historical collections and complimentary analyses can fill knowledge gaps to help understand temporal patterns of species richness in taxonomic groups that may not have planned long‐term data.
Funder
Division of Biological Infrastructure
Subject
General Environmental Science,Ecology,Environmental Chemistry,Global and Planetary Change
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